Wednesday, 24 October 2012

Requirments for production


Type of production

The type of media product produced by my group was a 90 second short film to be uploaded on the internet and intended to compete in the DepicT! film competition. The yearly DepicT! competition is popular way for new talent to showcase their work.  There are hundreds of entries every year, determined to get the recognition they desire. The winning film gets screened at a variety of different film festivals and may get the creators name known. As well as this there is a £1500 cash prize.


There are many different forms of media starting with more traditional methods such as film, terrestrial and satellite television, music video, radio, music, books, magazines, video games. However the electronic revolution is breaking down these conventions into a form of combined media, the broadest type of video. An example would be YouTube shorts, user uploaded videos that show a new level of improvised creativity http://www.youtube.com/. Blog entries of every single hobby, interest or personal view point possible.  An example of which would be the site known as blogger. Social networks such as http://en-gb.facebook.com/ or http://twitter.com/ where people communicate and post whatever they decide for the better or worse of their friendship groups or followers.


Finance and sources of funding


Firstly when considering film production the most important starting point is obtaining and securing funding.  There are many different ways to achieve this:


Out of pocket


A notable example of raising out of pocket funds would be Robert Rodriguez during the the creation of his first notable movie "El Mariachi".  Of which half the budget of $7,000 was raised by Rodriguez personally participating in experimental clinical drug testing.  Another would be how Kevin Smith raised most of the money for his first movie "Clerks" .  He sold a large portion of his extensive comic book collection, maxed out 10 credit cards, dipped into his family's college fund and used the insurance money from his car after it had been lost in a flood.   Out of pocket can be the most extreme and unpredictable method of funding, although it often is the only way unrecognized talent can get to make and showcase new film.

Bank loans


Trying to get banks to lend you money for your pictures is a big gamble. They only tend to be interested in your movie if it shows the potential to make them a handsome profit.  Securing loans can be difficult, banks will not risk money and often need a guarantor or to tie the loan to an assets such as a house.  One bad, non profit making film can ruin or cloud your reputation and make you vilified by the banks.  Also the money always needs paying back whether the movie made a profit or not with interest.


Private Investors


Private investors work in the same way banks do.  They are often very wealthy individuals or companies looking to invest money in a feature with plenty of potential for high profit rewards.  This also gives them influence in the film industry and gives them a platform for personal beliefs, for example Megan Ellison, multi-million heir and Scientologist. She using her influence funded and took an executive producer role in both the "Brad Pitt" film "Killing them Softly" and the the "Jeff Bridges" remake of "True Grit"



National lottery, B.F.I, and Creative England


There are certain structures in place from the government and other organisations designed specifically to help cater to the British film industry. For example they can assist with the funding and promotion of films. To find out more about their funding service see the link below.

http://www.creativeengland.co.uk/index.php/portfolio/funding/

Advertising deals and product placement


Product placement and advertising deals are can be key to financing a movie.  If a large company would like to appear in your movie you can secure a lot of the budget by adding occasional products to the mise-en-scene of the film. This could be cars, clothing, phones, food and drink among other things. A notable use of product placement would be in the new James Bond film Skyfall where he as well as the classic martini cocktail he also drinks Heineken brand lager and they discuss Volkswagon Beetles.  Another notable example would be the parody of the use of product placement that was shown in the film Wayne's World (1992)





The budget for our film was £5.00 supplied by East Norfolk Sixth Form college.


Requirements for any production


Once funding has been secured, next it is essential to plan and budget for all the production requires.  Such as:


Equipment



The equipment used in the creation of a movie is really important it stands for everything that doesn't apply as mise-en-scene but is still needed to create the film. Cameras are actually how you film the picture.  Film industry cameras run to thousands of Pounds / Dollars, but you can achieve the same quality of video minus some of the polishing on a regular High Definition Camcorder.  An example of this would be the low budget zombie picture "Colin".   Budgeted at around 45 British pounds, the director (Marc Price) used a Standard definition Panasonic mini-DV camcorder to make his film. Equipment might not just be cameras, it could also be Microphones, Tripods, Rigging for stunts etc. Equipment can either be bought, rented or just used if you own what you need.


Insurance, Clearencing and Copyright


It is important to make sure everything you're doing in all stages of production is legal.  This is a priority in pre production to ensure the following is in order:  Clearencing - for example Making sure using a specific location is agreed with the local landowner, Copyright - sorting the royalties for a segment of music being played or the use of a character in a book.  Finally Insurance making sure all actors, crew, equipment and general public are covered for public liability, accident and loss. An example of clearencing music for a film would be the "Transformers" 1986 movie where they prominently used the Stan Bush song "The Touch" which was already written for the for the 1986 Sylvester Stallone film "Cobra"

Talent

Talent includes the people in front and behind of the camera. Either way you want your talent to operate at the best standard possible. The cost of somebody however doesn't always make them better at their job, although there are many benefits of having well know celebrities or movie stars.  A great example of this would be this years blockbuster "The Avengers" which contains famous names like "Robert Downey Jr", "Chris Evans" and "Scarlett Johansson" 

Props, Sets, and other materials

Mise-en-scene is a really important aspect of why we watch films.  Accurate period sets for example need to be correctly furnished to create the right atmosphere for the picture.  This can either be taken from what you have at your disposal,  made professionally (or improvised) or rented from a company or studio.


Travel and hotel costs

To get the right location you might end up filming anywhere in the world. This can involve shipping all of your equipment and actors across the globe.  It doesn't just mean getting people from A to B, along with this you have to consider visas and legal traveling, the locations, culture and the weather of the location your shooting at. In the production of "Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back" whilst filming in Norway (for the Hoth scenes at the beginning of the film), they encountered the worst winter storm in fifty years. Temperatures dropped to−29 °C, and 18 feet of snow fell.  On one occasion, the crew were unable to exit the hotel they where staying at. They achieved a shot by opening the hotel's doors and filming "Mark Hamill" running out into the snow while the crew film through the backdoor of the hotel in the warm.
Events like this can put production back and seriously enlarge the costs of multi continent filming.


Crew experiences

Its expensive to keep a production crew running for example, if working a long way from home crews needs to be accommodated, fed and paid travel expenses. In the book "Filming on a micro budget" written by Paul Hardy, he mentions that crews sometimes in low budget films might only want to be paid for their personal expenses and their credit in the film. 

Facility hire

If you don't own the resources necessary to create then you need to rent them. This can include locations to shoot at , and places to work in for both post and pre-production. 

Editing house


Editing houses are used to edit the final cut from all the footage taken. A great example would be Letterman Digital Arts Center the current home of "Industrial light and magic". Although the type of low budget film like the one I shot in my group would not be able to afford this place and the people working there. Its a high quality company fully equipped to create massive blockbusters.


Requirements: For our Production


This is what we needed to make your production?

Camera


We needed the camera simply to record the footage we needed. So we rented the camera and the tripod. The camera has the HD capability's we require.


Tripod


We used the tripods in quite a few shots where it was important to get a steady shot for a prolonged amount of time.  An example of which would be when Mikey was holding the baby uncomfortably at a distance. Without the tripod it would have been exceedingly difficult to remain steady for the entire shot.



An issue I have between the establishing title sequence shot and the tracking follow of Mikey's head, is that its obvious that in the latter I'm walking with the camera. This in my opinion detracts from the quality of the film.


Baby doll


The baby doll used in the production was purchased from a local charity shop and extensively modified so it was appropriate for the productions of the film. The modifications were removal of the hair on the toy and new clothes made from duct tape and paper napkins. This I purchased and charged to our teams £5 budget.

Fake baby vomit


The fake baby vomit used in the production was a half and half mixture of both water and Greek yogurt.  When we first tried to use just regular yogurt we couldn't get it to spray Mikey in the right way say we added a balance of water as well to give it the extra flow required.  Although I also purchased the yogurt I couldn't claim for it however, as I no longer had the receipt.



Time: What was your time frame and how well did you use the time you where given?

Did we meet the deadline?


Our team met all the correct deadlines necessary for our project. You can review our deadlines  in my production diary.


What happens when deadlines are not met in the professional industry?


It is possible to lose money and possibly even get closed down. This can also leave your reputation as a director vilified. An example of this would be Michael Cimino with the 1980 movie "Heaven's Gate" . Which because of it going over budget due to lack of deadline control violated the directors reputation due to its commercial failure.


What equipment was available to you how did you obtain it?

The Equipment available to us was the necessary gear to shoot and edit the film we where able to access the camera, tripod and computer with editing software through our college.

How might you attain equipment in the professional industry?

You will either have to buy the equipment necessary or you will need to hire it. A notable website from the people who supplied the production of "Cockneys VS Zombies" is below.
http://www.filmscapemedia.com/

Who was available for you to use in your production?


Me, Mikey, Matt were the guys running the show. However if we needed assistance we could call upon our lovely teachers Sean and Ellie.

Personnel: Talent and crew that work in a media production.


The people who are included in your picture are very important.  A lot of the time in small budget films you need to be able to work comfortably with whoever you have been placed with, to make sure you are creating something at the best of your ability.


What size group?

There was three of us in our group. Me, Mikey, and Matt. Who where chosen at random.

Who performed what role?

During the production of the film. I worked as the Cameraman shooting the entire film, did a fair amount of editing and voiced the baby noises for the film.  Mikey starred as himself working along with the baby doll.  Matt did a reasonable amount of editing, helped setting up shot along with artistic vision and ideas for the photo recce.

How does experience and skill affect production?




Skill and experience are to very important factors when deciding on personnel for your crew and talent.  Somebody who has been working in the industry longer might have more experience and or skill but might want to be paid more for their time and assistance in the production. This does not mean however that just because somebody is more expensive to be hired or have been in the industry for a long time that they are appropriate for use in the production. An Example for this would be the the 2011 film by Jason Eisener "Hobo with a Shotgun"   Which was a relativity low budget film ( 3 Million Dollars) and contained a cast of (except Rutger Hauer) relativity unheard of actors, which although should mean that they are less skilled or less experienced, but in the case of this movie were raw, fresh talent.




In what other ways can cost be affected be personnel?


The size of the crew is also important the more members you have the more work can be divided between them, however that makes things more expensive. On the other hand the less crew you have the more cost friendly but more challenging the picture will be.


What resources did you furnish your personnel with?


Whilst we where shooting both Me and Matt both wore crew T-shirts.


How do you decide who to use in a production?


Hold job interviews and contact production companies informing them you will be hiring.


How do you ensure the availability of your personnel?


Communicate with them before hand if they are going to be available.  Pre production timing and planning is essential.


Facilities: What facilities are needed to create a media 

product?

What equipment was required for the production?


We required our camera, S.D card, tripod, props ( Baby doll and fake vomit) and camera transfer wire.



What equipment was required for post production?


For post production we required a computer.  More specifically an Apple Mac with Adobe Premiere Pro CS 6. As well as this we used a selection of copyright free sound effects.


What are facility houses and studios?


Facility houses and studios are used for a variety of purposes in the film industry. Examples of their uses is to store and create props, To shoot films on specially constructed sets.  To edit films in post production, so they are ready to be used. A notable example of film studios would be Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden which has been a key location of filming in all the Harry Potter films and now is used as a permanent exhibition for all the films. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Studios,_Leavesden

Another example of this would be the company Industrial Light and Magic used famously to create the original effects in the Star Wars trilogy.

What is meant by outsourcing?


Outsourcing is when you get crew or workers by contract instead of employing them. This is a personal economic choice between permanent employment or becoming a contractor  This generally means that if you work by contract you are working for yourself instead of a company.  This is a common thing in the film industry as 89% of the film industry is freelance contractors. The disadvantage to this is although you get paid more for your work you are more at risk of not getting paid if the production company is in trouble.



What financial considerations exist when securing facilities?


It is important to consider a lot of things whilst deciding on what facility to secure.  Its important to consider how much use of the facility is going to affect the budget and if you are going to use it how are you going get the maximum potential of the place you're using.


Locations:Where did you film and how do you go about securing locations legally?

What is a location Recce?

A location recce is when the film makers want to find a location for a film. So they send people out to take photos of potential location and send them back to the filmmakers.  The filmmakers then pick which they like most or if they want to see more locations. 

What is location release?

Location release is when the production team contact the legal owner of the land and ask for permission to use it.

How and why did you pick specific locations?


In our film we had three locations for shooting. The Park, The House, and The Street. Choosing the park was important due to the nature of the shot. you see the shot might not have been appropriate if somebody misinterpreted the meaning of the scene. So for this shot we needed a place that was going to be quiet, but at the same time we wanted the best looking park as well.


The second location we used was the street.  The street we used for the Recce in the end was replaced due to worry's about irritating the public. So we choose a much quieter location for filming the opening scene.


The final location chosen I will admit was a second best option as our initial plan of using Mikey's sisters house became unavailable.  So with a lesson left before the final day of planned filming I set out around the college looking for a room that would be considered appropriate. In the end I scouted a location that would be fine with filming the big affect of the film, the baby sick sequence.


What limitations and risks did you face?


Whilst in pre-production we filled out Risk assessment to outline possible risks while we were in production. Our biggest concerns were this being a public nuisance or irritating the public. We had given a message to the local council about where we were filming, however that wasn't our major concern.  We were more worried about the chances of the fake doll we where using to be mistaken for a real child.


Materials: What materials are available for filmmakers and Where can they be attained?

List Various types of material available to film makers?


Original materials



Original material are the ones the filmmakers produce and create them selves. This is the kind they completely own provided they have done all the appropriate pre-production work like location releasing.



Archive materials



Archive materials are stored video for its significance. A great example for this would be the the 2011 film "Senna"  which follows the rise to fame and the tragic death of the popular racing driver Ayrton Senna.  This film comes across as both entertaining  and informative as it is entirely structured from Grand Prix footage from racing archives and news channels as well as home video.  The significance of this is, all the footage shown, even that of the crash that took his life is real. And this is why archive footage is often worth using.


The disadvantage of sometimes using archived materials is that with time old film among other problems might not have lasted the test of time. An example of this is the re-released doctor who story "The Invasion" where the BBC archive was not complete and instead of of releasing the story minus the episodes they used a combination of fan made tape recordings of the episodes and the original scripts to animate new footage to replace what had been lost.


Sound library


A sound library functions as a store for all the sounds used in a movie.  This is where you get most of the sound effects used for a video product that can't be recorded yourself.



Recorded music


Recorded music is often added to a film to express as a non dietetic soundtrack. This is used to enhance the film and add more character and emotion to the film. Of course a lot of recorded music is owned by somebody so you need to make sure your not breaking any copyright laws in the process of using it.



Others


Among other things photos, scripts, props, costume and interviews could be considered  materials as well.



What must you be sure to do when using any materials in a media product?


When using footage that isn't yours and I can't express this clearly enough. Make sure you are using it legally that means you have the owners permission to use it.




What financial considerations exist when using somebody else's material?

The owners of the material might not want you to use it. On the other hand they might be okay with you using it but only if you pay them the royalties they demand.


Contributors: who might contribute to a media product?

Talent

The films actors are the most important aspect of Mise-en-scene for a film. They drive the plot of the story and there fore are needed to be perfect for the role if not the films not going to be as good as it could be.  Casting is essential.

Extras

Extras are used for setting a scene where it is naturally crowded and you don't need them to contribute to the story in any major way.  They normally play the role of citizens but an example that contradicts this would be the AMC TV series "The Walking Dead" were the majority of extras in show play zombies.

Crew


The crew play a vital role as they are the people who actually make the product from pre-to-post production.  You need to make sure as well as the talent that you get these people right so that they can help you make the best product possible.



Experts and specialists


Experts and specialists are really good at one thing.  An example a pyrotechnics expert is really good at blowing things up to get it just the way the director wants it. However its important to make sure you have the appropriate specialists and to get the best you can out of them you don't need pyrotechnics for a roman period drama.  Also historians may be necessary to help set up mise-en-scene

Public


Its important to keep the public happy when both the film is in production and once its actually been released   When shooting you need to make sure that it doesn't impede on them in any major way.  Otherwise you might get people who could call the police or act violently towards you. Coming up to the release of the product you need to make sure the public are actually going to pay to watch the film so its also good to make good publicity. An example of gaining public attention would be the viral video posted on the website chat roulette for the 2010 movie "The Last Exorcism". Word of warning this video is a great example but might not be appropriate for all viewers of this blog.



What is a contributors biography? and why might it be useful?


A contributors biography is a summary of somebody you are considering to employ for a film and a list of the projects they have worked on in the past. This doesn't just apply to media products it's just natural before you hire anybody to do your research on them so you know what your getting and or who they are what their strengths and weaknesses are and how that might be able to be used to help the production of your film.


Legal issues: what legal issues can affect a media production?


Define clearance?


Legal clearance is when there is no legal hindrance for the creation of a specific media product. This is required for use of any material you didn't make yourself.


What might it be needed for?


This might be needed for the use of copyrighted material e.g soundtracks, filming in specific locations or the use of ordinary people being filmed or named on screen. A  great example of lots of songs being used to create a soundtrack would be the 2009 film watchmen which takes a plethora of songs from the 20th century and uses them to create the appropriate mood despite the high cost.


What can happen if you do not get clearance for all aspects of media production?


If you break any of these laws you can be send to court and / or considerably fined and have all the inappropriate footage scrapped.


How can copyright affect media? did it affect your production?


Copyright didn't affect the production of our short film. All the footage used was ours in locations that we had warned the local police authority about. All of the sound affects used in the picture where non copyright. They consisted of sounds made by us as well as a small selection of copyright free material sourced from YouTube.


What is public liability insurance?


Public Liability Insurance prevents you or your company from being financially damaged by a lawsuit from somebody who isn't an employee who has been hurt or seeks compensation for damaged to something onset that was theirs.


What is completion insurance/ completion guarantee?


A completion guarantee is when a film production takes out insurance to make sure that if something happens which hinders the creation of the film or its release through no fault of the filmmakers they are entitled to compensation. An example of this would be when actor John Candy died of heart failure with only 20% of production remaining on the 1994 film  "Wagons East"  the producers of the film collected $14.5 million 




Regulation: What is a regulatory body and what do they do?

What is Ofcom and what is its function?
http://www.ofcom.org.uk/


Ofcom is a government approved company that represents the interests of customers and consumers of the media and protects them from commercial harm. In other words they are the guys who make the rules about what can and cant be done or said in a media production.


What is the PCC and whats its function?

http://pcc.org.uk/
The Press Complaints Commission functions as an Independent regulator that sends appropriate complaints to media outlets though a formal unbiased means. This is a formal way of getting your complaints herd in a rising world of over hyped internet complaining. These guys are the ones who can say somebody has been insulted by what have have done without it being a just one over exaggerating attention seeker.

What is the ASA?
http://www.asa.org.uk/

The Advertising Standards Agency makes sure advertisements used in any commercial sense are appropriate for use. an example is what adverts can be shown before or after the televised watershed. They pretty much function in the same way as Ofcom (although on a smaller scale) by making the rules on advertising.

What is the PEGI?
http://www.pegi.info/en/index/


Pan European Game Information sets the standard ( In Europe) of what video games are appropriate for which age range.  This is so that parents have an idea about what they are buying their children and so that children can't buy products inappropriate for their age.


What is the BBFC and function?
http://www.bbfc.co.uk/
The British Board of Film Classification depicts what ages are suitable for different audiences.
they work to advise what age is appropriate for an audience to watch a specific film and what age range is going to be able to purchase and see films screened in theaters.

How could this relate to your depict videos?


Our production "The Babysitter" could be related to Ofcom as the use of a baby doll being thrown although in a comedic sense could be viewed as child abuse although its a doll its symbolism could still be considered controversial.



Trade unions and trade associations: What are they and what do they do?
Whats a trade union and why do they exist?

Trade Unions exist to promote the rights of the business sector. They exist to negotiate on behalf of employees until the issues dealt with or a compromise is reached. In 2007 more than 12,000 writers with the Writers Guild of America went on strike to promote more money for the writers whose work on television and film had been grossly under compensated the strike lasted 100 days.

What are PACT and BECTU and what do they do?
Pact is the UK trade association representing and promoting the commercial interests of independent feature film, television, digital, children's and animation media companies. 


BECTU
http://www.bectu.org.uk/home
BECTU is the independent trade union for those working in broadcasting, film, theater  entertainment, leisure, interactive media and allied areas. They both as independent Trade Unions that for a membership fee will also assist in negotiating on behalf of workers.
 What are BIMA, TIGA,and UKIE and what do they do?

BIMA
 Is a trade association that assists companies using digital goods across the world they also wish to help advance the British electronic industry and introduce a new generation to this media.








TIGA

http://www.tiga.org/
TIGA is the independent trade association representing the UK games industry.

UKIE
http://ukie.info/
UKIE is an independent trade association representing the UK game industry.  UKIE is the only trade body to represent all of the big three console manufactures.



Bibliography
http://www.tiga.org/
Google
Youtube
http://www.northernmedia.org/
http://www.creativeengland.co.uk/index.php/portfolio/funding/
Filming on a Micro Budget a book by Paul Hardy
http://www.theactingwebsite.com
https://www.mediaacademywales.org
http://www.songbird.me/#discover/stream
http://www.impawards.com/index.html

1 comment:

  1. This is largely excellent Johnny - already comfortably at merit level and could be pushed to distinction. Here are some things to improve:

    Your list of requirements early on needs elaboration, examples etc.

    Your discussion on clearance and insurance also needs fleshing out with examples, drawn from professional texts and your own (eg discuss your music and the issue of copyright further).

    Some more images or links in places.

    A full bibliography.

    Very well done though - and I'm not just saying that because you called Ellie and me 'lovely'!!

    ReplyDelete