Unfortunately I'm not allowed to be that broad because this is allow a simple answer quite a complex question that throws production, different laws, objectivity, and bias, (Among other things) into the mix.
Starting sequences
The starting sequences of these shows start off with an opening that always follows a selection of key themes.
Satellites connote the use of technology but it also shows the large scale corporation in scale with the size of the earth which usually dwarfs the planet. This shows that the show reaches across the entire world and can pick news from anywhere. The images of earth from space again show the reach of the show taking information from all over the world. The symbol of the eye connotes that the viewer is seeing everything about the world. Technology is another way of implying that the shows is as up to date and superior as possible. Rushing graphics imply Spontaneous-ness and the speed of the information coming towards the viewer. Fast paced brass implies the importance of the show it makes it seem really grand even Royal. Male voice-overs connote masculinity and MANLY-NESS. Phallic symbols like towers are another message of masculinity and the POWER of the news show. Landmarks of cities are another great example of showing the reach of the program as it implies it could display any part of the wold at once. Of course the joint reason that in showing when showing the
entire world is that both the capitals appear most important and deserve your
attentions but also people with less of an understanding in geography only tend
to recognize things in capitals like the Eiffel tower, the statue of liberty or
the Holly-Wood letters they wouldn't have a clue if you showed an image of
Multnomah Falls or rural Tibet. Clocks connote the instantaneous of the
information coming to you telling you that its delivery had no expenses lacked.Presenters
The News Presenters/Readers are made to speak in direct address and not too show any emotion whilst presenting the stories.To make them seem completely neutral they must speak in standard English without dialect. News readers tend to fit a specification due to gender. Men tend to be far older between their mid forties to their early fifties as opposed to women who tend to be much younger (In their mid thirties) This shows the sexist side to news production.
Sets
The News studio is as clean as an operating theater and as technologically advanced as a super computer It is made to look Impressive like you genuinely could conceive the notion that all the worlds news is filtered through that one room. To connote this they generally have a large desk (Authority)
Legal framework
The law states that all television news needs to be
completely impartial. The 1973 Broadcasting Act states that “ITV-- news will
show due Impartiality”. This is highly Un-feasible as know body in the industry
cannot make a decision without basing it on personal bias to the world around them.
The BBC Royal Charter
says “The corporation shall refrain from expressing its views on a matter of
public concern” This means it must not give views on things the public should
decide whether or not to be concerned about.
Libel laws prevent publication and broadcast of unfounded
accusations this is my opinion is probably my favorite of the laws I
researched as it simply means you can’t knowingly tell lies on air an example
of this was during the Boston bombings they said they didn't know who caused
the explosions or why.
However there are laws in place which could be interpreted
in having objectivity.Two examples I have found are The Official Secrets Act which “prevents broadcast of material deemed to be detrimental to the security of the nation” (OK I can understand why in some cases it could be necessarily however it still shows subjectivity).
The other is the Prevention of Terrorism Act which prevents the broadcast of anything likely to promote terrorist organisations or causes. Both of these rely completely on opinion (Some people could call you a terrorist others would call you a freedom fighter) An example of this could be that Nelson Mandela has recently been admitted to hospital . Even though he ended apartheid in south Africa he was still insulted and called a murdering old terrorist which is both unacceptable and also shows the vary in peoples opinion depending on bias.
Ofcom regulates Television whether it is terrestrial cable
or satellite It also regulates parts of the BBC.
The BBC trust sets out to make sure that people who pay for
their TV licences get the most out of what they pay.
News selection
The act of choosing what you need to show you are already
breaking the rules of Impartiality. Gultan and Ruge analysed and developed a theory of how
things are measured in importance on shows.
- Frequency
- Threshold
The size of the event is also important as
if it’s to small know body will care (However deciding whether something or not
is important is subjective).
- Unambiguity
- Meaningfulness
Must be meaningful to a certain demographic
(How do you decide what’s meaningful? without opinion impartiality rule broken)
- Consonance
It needs to fit in with the expectations of
the news company.
- Unexpectedness
- Continuity
Have we already got money In that pot? A great example of this is during wars you often get new stories where not alot happens in a war zone however they stil lsay that "There has been another tence day here in ... ect" where tence means nothings happened but if their does we still have a team out here just in case.
- Composition
How do you want the episodes structure to
look? (This is another exploit of bias as if you have to many sad stories
people will select happier ones)
- Elite nations
Are you America, England or Korea? Because
know body wants to know if not.Who even knows where Venezuela is? I means seriously If nobody knows where or who your nation are nobody's going to feel sympathy towards you.
- Elite Persons
Are you famous? because nobody genuinely cares about the little old lady in a cottage on the Yorkshire moors who lost her kitty. Its Emma Watson or Kim Kardashian being hounded by the paparazzi because of a revealing photo that ended up on the internet.
- Personalisation
Can the story be told in characters? Example A story about a thousand workers being laid off from a car manufacturer is a tragedy but yet again It's not going to have entertaining viewing unless it depicts the (hypothetical) story of working class Greg who can't take his favorite dog to the vet because of his financial insecurity.
- Negativity
Bad news is good news. People love talking about bad things whether demonically evil or generally scandellous and example of demonically evil. Don't take this the wrong way I'm not calling Muslims evil but somebody who cuts off another mans head in cold blood is a psychopath and a murderer not a terrorist.Later Amendments
Later Amendments to this theory where made by Dennis McShane and identify five other news values of journalists.
- Conflict
This could mean wars or individual opposition between two people. Example could be the Obama = Romney presidential election.
- Hardship and danger in the community.
People want to know if what they are seeing is going to effect them.
- Unusual
People both love and hate what they don't understand so it is always good for veiwng figures to have something not scene every day
- Scandal
OMG I CAN'T BELIEVE THAT HAPPENED! This is more common with tabloid media but people like to be socially shocked by something that's not particularly threatening an example could be anything on the Jeremy Kyle show.
- Indevidualism
Are you one of a kind? Then you can be a personalisation really easily.
If it doesn't fit with any of these criteria it’s likely to
go in.
News sources
New companies get here news from a plethora of different sources to deliver a variety of different exciting stories. These places include.
- Parliament
- Councils
- Police
- Other emergency services
- Courts
- Royalty
- 'Dairy' Events (Ascot, G8 Summits, Ect)
- Airports
- Other news media (Reuters, Associated Press Television News, Ect)
There are also groups which issue statements and throw press conferences for news compaines. Some of them are:
- Local Authority departments
- Companies
- Trade Unions
- Political Parties
- Non-Commercial Organisations
- Army, Navy, Air Force
- Government departments
- Public Services
News construction
News is constructed to try and show it’s impartiality but at
the same time provide the audience entertaining stories. This again unbalances
the accuracy of the objectivity .News is constructed on a tight schedule that works in a modular packages that can be chopped and changed until the moment of broadcast.
Economics
Individual news packages cost quite allot of money to produce so there is always cost saving on the brain. This means news company's often skimp on footage shown and you can generally find stock footage that has been used before making its way into latter shows. As well as this companies are likely to keep a story running as long as possible in Afghanistan they will genuinely have days where all they do is explain the day and some of the eerie quietness and how that makes people thing something going to happen when really they are just killing time till something happens.
Different television companies run on different business years. An example of this would be in 1989 with the Tienanmen Square Massacre because this happened in the early part of the BBC's annual budget they where able the expense of sending a team out there. However ITV (Then called ITN) had already spent most it's yearly budget and could only report the event by telephone with no pictures or footage. The BBC won multiple awards however ITV were left twiddling there thumbs.
Now that digital technology is available to the masses however events like this are more difficult to occur as people for a relatively cheap amount can have there images bought from them.
News Construction process
Structure
Economics
Individual news packages cost quite allot of money to produce so there is always cost saving on the brain. This means news company's often skimp on footage shown and you can generally find stock footage that has been used before making its way into latter shows. As well as this companies are likely to keep a story running as long as possible in Afghanistan they will genuinely have days where all they do is explain the day and some of the eerie quietness and how that makes people thing something going to happen when really they are just killing time till something happens.
Different television companies run on different business years. An example of this would be in 1989 with the Tienanmen Square Massacre because this happened in the early part of the BBC's annual budget they where able the expense of sending a team out there. However ITV (Then called ITN) had already spent most it's yearly budget and could only report the event by telephone with no pictures or footage. The BBC won multiple awards however ITV were left twiddling there thumbs.
Now that digital technology is available to the masses however events like this are more difficult to occur as people for a relatively cheap amount can have there images bought from them.
News Construction process
Structure
Each small news package is a short film in itself. it requires lots of documentary aspects as well as a conventional structure ( Classic Hollywood narrative structure, Todrov). Which shows a person or hero as they attempt to resolve whatever issues has been set upon them. These story's tend to be heavily cut down interviews reedited subtly so that they can tell the story in the broadest, fasted, and most informative way.
When in the studio they often lead into these stories with a short sentence or two then proceed to role the footage. After this they often converse through shot reverse shot to field reporters who are a great way of making an event which happened earlier in the day appear more fresh.
When in the studio they often lead into these stories with a short sentence or two then proceed to role the footage. After this they often converse through shot reverse shot to field reporters who are a great way of making an event which happened earlier in the day appear more fresh.
Realism
Its important to give news as honestly as possible if it doesn't seem real or like it couldn't affect the veiwer the emotional connection to the situation is lost.
Witnesses
Witnesses are used to make the project seem more Human like mentioned earlier personalisation is important as it causes the audience to feel empathy for the viewer. Witnesses can also work as Vox pops in a situation each giving in a short interview how they felt about the event being shown.
Actuality
Actuality the fact that most of the footage scene in film construction isn't actually the filmed on the spot for the package but filmed months before for another package or stock footage. This footage can be taken from the companies archive as well as other companies, both other news channels and third parties which film their own actuality footage for this purpose. Unfortunately this could be argued as a method of deception as you are being shown footage that isn't actually related to the package shown.
Structure of the news show on the whole
The structure of a news show as a whole functions in a very similar way to a Mini Hollywood narrative, starting with the safety and normality of the studio, Then it shows the huge disruption to that normality by showing us all the bad news in the world, eventually however it brings us back to the safety of the studio restoring equilibrium with things like the sport and the weather.
Experts
Experts provide an in depth understanding on the viewer they are great for finding appropriate demo and psycho graphics for making sure broadcasts reach the widest audience imaginable. They are used to gain a sense that the news is giving appropriately detailed information to the viewer.
Does it matter?
Yes it matters people need a more diverse opinion of what’s
important than one specific demographic. The Majority of people in the industry
are older white middle class males and therefore only give one opinion of
what’s important too show and what shouldn't be ok. this is a reaching example but In north Korea the media is entirely controlled to contain and control the population I don't mean to say our country is fascist but If such a high demographic out media industry the same they might agree on certain political thing the rest of our country wouldn't.
How could it be
changed?
Democratic council covering 6 - 12 broader demographics to
help decide on a voting system what is most important this voting system would
be carried out by the council all submitting their vote separately to avoid
pressures of the rest of the group. This could be divided into things like
gender, Political standpoint (Left, Right, Middle, Cat’s Ect), Sexuality, Age,
Ethnicity, and Social class / Income then a voting system could be used to make
a less biased representation.
The editing mechanics could be changed as well to
incorporate a more representative view on how people act by conducting more of
their interviews live this means they are more constricted with their editing
ability.
The impact of
technology upon this empire
It has been revolutionized by Twitter and other digital
medias people can communicate faster than ever without restriction or laws
restricting them. The best example of this is called the “Arab Spring” where
lot’s of political activists in countries like Egypt, Tunisia and Yemen have used
websites like Twitter and Facebook to stage group protests. Too quote
PolicyMic.com “essential in establishing the democratic movement that has
helped guide abused civilians to overthrow their oppressor”
The differences now compared to when news shows came on the
air are huge civilian footage Is now as important as people can now upload and
share information instantaneously.
http://www.policymic.com/articles/10642/twitter-revolution-how-the-arab-spring-was-helped-by-social-media
http://gawker.com/5733816/did-wikileaks-and-twitter-cause-tunisias-revolution
http://www.wired.com/business/2011/02/egypts-revolutionary-fire/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-5CMC5V041Y
http://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-international-byo-31468.html
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BBC_trust_logo.png
No comments:
Post a Comment